The End of An Era

Dear Fellow AP English Students,
      I can hardly believe this is our last week of school! It seems like yesterday we were cowering in our first English class with Ms. Serensky, praying we would get out alive. It turns out, we made it through. We've read thousands of pages, complete with extensive literary analysis. We've written over a hundred pages worth of Data Sheets and SOAPStones, most of the time pulling all-nighters to complete them. We've read a ton of poems, which vary in topics from Lady Freedom to plums. We've faced off in eight extra credit multiple choice games. We've written countless journal entries and timed writings where our hands cramped up and we couldn't feel our fingers for the next couple of periods. We've learned so much and made it so far. The juniors who only wrote five-paragraph essays and freaked out over essay headings are gone, replaced be seniors who aren't afraid to look past the obvious. AP English has paved the way for us to learn to be smarter people in general, and looking back now, it's apparent that this class has shaped who we are as students. I want to wish my classmates, and the incoming senior class, best of luck in the future. Farewell, AP English!
Sincerely,
Cat C.

1. You learn how to ACTUALLY write an essay.
2. You learn what words like juxtaposition and lytote mean and how to apply them to almost any sentence.
3. You get to play extra credit multiple choice four times a year!
4. You recieve a list of funny quotes you and your classmates said at the end of every quarter.
5. You get writing partners!
6. You are able to watch Ms. Seresnky pick on and mimick the smart people.
7. You watch movies with Leonardo DiCaprio as the star.
8. You get to hear Ms. Seresnky's life story.
9. You get free food and candy while you play games and learn poetry for a sraight week.
10. You get to spend time with the smartest students in the school and receive stickers when you get A's!

AP Test Analysis

Ashima: "I don't understand it" (Lahiri, 45).
Algernon: "[This test] is a great bore, and, I need hardly say, [Cat is] a terrible disappointment to me" (Wilde, 18).
Ashima: "It's a pity [she] can't [write]" (Lahiri, 149).
Iago: "Patience, I say. Your mind may change" (Shakespeare, 3.3.449).
Algernon: "[This test] is awfully hard work...I don't mind hard work where there is no definite object of any kind (Wilde, 17).
Iago: "Call up her father, / ...make after him, poison his delight" (Shakespeare, 1.1.64-65).
Algernon: "Relations are simply a tedious pack of people, who haven't got the remotest knowledge of how to live" (Wilde, 15).
Ashima: "[Cat's] working too hard...I hope [she's] not getting an ulcer" (Lahiri, 164).
Iago: "It were a tedious difficulty.../...to [write so much].../....Where's the satisfaction?" (Shakespeare, 3.3.394-398).
Algernon: "I happen to be serious about [writing]. What on earth you are serious about I haven't got the remotest idea." (Wilde, 40).

"The Vital Importance of Being Earnest"

       Out of all of the works of literature we read this year for AP English, the play The Importance Of Being Earnest, by Oscar Wilde, remains my favorite! From the comical  superficiality of Lady Bracknell to the comedy surrounding the foolish ladies Cecily and Gwendolen, the consistent humor presented in this play was a change from the darkness of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and Everything Matters! "and not a bad one either"(41, Wilde)! The best part of the play was, however, being able to read it out loud during class, with other students acting out the different parts. Sam took his role as the servants Lane and Merriman, with a very serious , "Thank you, sir" (8, Wilde). Alex executed the role of Algernon with a perfect british accent. When John, who was reading Chasuble's lines, attempted to follow in Alex's footsteps, he came across as more of a Forrest Gump then Prince Charles. "I am afraid you have very little experience in how to" perform a british accent, John, but it was nonetheless very entertaining (11, Wilde). Carley read Gwendolen's lines, and Jackie read Cecily's, of who Ms. Serensky said "was the least intelligent and most bizarre character in the play." The drama that happens between the characters and the absurdness Wilde incorporates in the plot made this play very enjoyable and interesting, and I wished we had had the time in class to read more books aloud, because it greatly added to the experience.

Top Ten!

1. Finishing my first Data Sheet for Othello! This huge amount of work made our SOAPStones from junior year look pathetic. 24 pages of literary analysis: "This subject seems distasteful to most," but when I finally finished the work, I couldn't help but feel proud of myself (Wilde, 36).
2. Getting a 5 on my AB Calculus AP exam was another of my proudest moments in high school. It was the only test I have gotten a 5 on, and it was so nice to see all my hard work pay off. I am a very impatient person, so I thought I was not diligent enough "to learn such a skill," and surprised even myself when I finally received the scores in July (Lahiri, 161).
3. Receiving my college acceptance letter to Denison University. "The news [inspired] me with feelings of unmixed delight" (Wilde, 35).
4. The time my multiple choice team won first place! This was the first time I had ever been on a team that won and "They laugh that win" (Shakespeare, 4.1.124)!
5.  When I realized I actually learned things in Spanish class. I went to Spain this past spring break, and stayed with a woman who spoke no English at all. Every time I opened my mouth to talk to her I thought to myself, "You'll be ashamed forever" once she realizes how dumb you are (Shakespeare, 2.3.161). Surprisingly, we ended up conversing with ease, and I figured out I actually new Spanish!
6. Being able to rock out with Mark Wood! For those of you who aren't well versed in famous string players, Mark Wood is the lead violist for the Trans Siberian Orchestra. He's an amazing player, and my freshman year, he came to Chagrin and put on a concert with us! He taught me a lot about playing a musical instrument in general: "Don't play accurately...play with wonderful expression" (Wilde, 1).
7. Surviving AP Psychology. This class, normally taught as a full year course, was one of the hardest classes I have ever taken. The sheer amount of information one has to memorize is nearly impossible! Eventually, I learned to approach the class "without guilt, or misgiving, or expectation of any kind" (Lahiri, 214).
8. Receiving my first English sticker. It was the one thing academically I "had silently, faithfully, absurdly, desired" (Lahiri, 214).
9. Getting on the blog banter for the first time! I sat there, week after week, listening to everyone's name get called as Ms. Seresnky praised them for their witty blogs, and thought "In happy time" my name will be called (Shakespeare, 3.1.29). When my English teacher finally did put my blog on her banter, I was so happy it was ridiculous!
10. Silkscreening my first shirt! This was something I had always dreamed about doing, and finally accomplished in printmaking last year. Even though my design was "not very pleasant. Indeed...not even decent," I couldn't help but feel proud of my piece of art (Wilde, 7).

"Sestina"

       My favorite poem from this year in AP English was "Sestina," by Elizabeth Bishop. At first glance, I did not understand the thought that went into the writing of this poem, mostly because I did not understand what a Sestina poem was. This type of poem has very strict rules regarding the repetition of certain words at the end of each line. I could never write this type of poem because I am "too [impatient] to learn such a skill" (Lahiri, 161). The fact that "Sestina" was written in such a strict writing style is very subtle, however, so I simply found the poem very impressive. The poem also created a sense of curiosity in me: if I were to write a Sestina, which words would I repeat? Believe it or not I spent a lot of time pondering this, before my head began to hurt and I decided, "such concerns make no sense here" (Lahiri, 158). Reading the poem, I was also surprised upon realizing the strictness of this type that the poem was still very fluid and diverse, although the same words were repeated at the end of every line. I thought that Bishop must see these restrictions "as a single afternoon's challenge, an anomaly never to be repeated" (146). The way she could write a poem that actually makes sense with such restrictions really impressed me. Overall, "Sestina" is my favorite because it really demonstrates how difficult poetry can be to write, and demonstrated to me the skill of the poet.

MC Madness

       My favorite day in AP English can be described in two letters: MC. After an embarrassing loss to the Dream Team at the end of first semester, I knew I was going to "arise black vengeance" and redeem myself (Shakespeare, 3.3.444). When the bell rang signaling the start of third period, I was already in my desk surrounded by two of my three teammates (Kaleigh decided to be sick), ready to get started. Ms. Serensky then passed out our MC (multiple choice) packets and our group answer sheet, and gave us five minutes to wrap up our answers. After a couple minutes of bickering and silently wishing Kaleigh was there to tell us the correct answer (whenever Team 3 disagrees, Kaleigh is ALWAYS right), Ms. Seresnky notified us that our time "expired. Expired" (Lahiri, 169). The word echoed in my head as I watched Emily bring up our answer sheet to our teacher's desk. Ms. Serensky then chose a Katie Ciabotti as the scorekeeper, and the game began. One by one, the tallies next to our group's name added up, giving us a sense of unease- no way could we be this good. Our streak couldn't last forever. Then Ms. Seresnky cleared her throat and announced that Kaleigh O'Hara had won the highest individual score! My group clapped for our beloved team member, our faces alit with pride. We continued on the the game, and after the last question had been answered, I looked up at the board to see the results. Team 3, my gorgeous wonderful team, had won! The Dream Team's faces were priceless. "That is there tragedy," I thought as I glanced around the room at my fellow students (Wilde, 17). My team had finally won the multiple choice game, making it my favorite day in AP English class so far!

Dr. Chasuble Goes To The Principal's Office

(Canon Chasuble and Principal Lapidus sit in her office. He has been sent down by one of the teachers because he attempted to perform a baptism in her class)

L: Good Morning, "I am your principal, Mrs. Lapidus" (57).
C: "And how are we this morning?"(22). I have dearly wished to meet you for quite some time, Lady Lapidus.
L: Yes, well it is a shame we have to meet under these conditions Dr. Chasuble. It seems your teacher, Mrs. Rogoff, sent you to me for misconduct during class.
C: Ah, Mrs. Rogoff, "she is the most cultivated of ladies, and the very picture of respectability" (50). However, "that is strange" she sent me to you, for two men specifically asked me to give them baptisms in class (23).
L: "I'm not sure I follow you...Do you mean" you were going to baptize two students at school (58)? That is against the rules, Dr. Chasuble.
C: "I am grieved to hear such sentiments from you," Lady Lapidus (50). It is not as if "I am gonna get real weird with it." The baptisms I mean. Short and sweet. "Both these gentlemen have expressed a desire for immediate baptism" (50).
L: I am sorry, but I must forbid it.
C: Well, I have never been so insulted in my life! I plan to "make some slight allusion to this tragic domestic affliction next Sunday" (27)!
L: Detention, Dr. Chasuble!

Desdemona's Dream Comes True!

       It's the last day I will be talked about in AP English for a while and people are finally beginning to understand me. I stayed strong even though my love, Othello thought I was cheating on him with Cassio. So foolish, Othello, so very foolish. A very intelligent girl, Katie Connolly, decided to back me up, commending me for my "strong female character and unyielding loyalty" even when my husband wanted to simply find fault in me. Oh, how I was "falsely, falsely murdered!" (5.2.116). I died a "guiltless death," without shame or condemnation, and it was the best day I had in all of AP English (5.2.121). I pity characters like Gogol, Nurse Ratched, and even my own husband Othello, who never receive any pity from the critical students of Ms. Serensky's classes. I cried out, "Have mercy on me!" and for once, the students listened (5.2.33). Although there were still some students who felt to criticize me for being too steadfast, the fact that any of these students would take my side flattered me. Many would think that Shakespeare had me die in the novel obviously because I did something wrong, however, did it ever occur to them that my death may have simply been punishment to another character for their wrongs (Othello)? I do hope that the students do not judge too harshly my husband, for he knew not what he was doing, and acted out of love for me. They must learn to see not only the bad in people, but the good also, for loyalty and devotion remain two of the strongest qualities a person can possess in life.

A Letter to Moushumi

Dear Moushumi,
      My name is Cat Cashy, and I am a senior in high school. Some of my fellow students decided this year to take mostly art classes and electives, because as we all know, senior-itis does get the best of us at this time. I, on the other hand, am taking AP English 12, one of the hardest classes in the high school. However, I would not have been even close to prepared for this class if I had not taken AP English 11. I went into my Junior year thinking that I could handle any English class with out feeling like I was going to have a mental breakdown. AP 11 was just another English class where I could try and pretty much receive a guaranteed "A" at the end of the year. Or so I thought. AP 11 definitely "'was not what I thought it would be."' Yes, I had heard the rumors circulating about the class, but nothing any of my friends could have said would have prepared me for the first day of English with Ms. Serensky.
      On the first day, my classmates and I sat in a circle of desks, chatting eagerly amongst ourselves about our new schedules. As soon as Ms. Serensky walked in the room, silence fell. She had this way of intimidating us that no other teacher could even come close to. Whenever we asked questions with obvious responses, she wouldn't simply answer them as other teachers do, but instead glare at us with a look that said "'you can't be serious."' She created the most intense learning atmosphere possible, which forced us to think to our maximum capabilities, in turn making us the best writers we could be. Even though there were days when I literally walked in the classroom thinking, "'I'm afraid,"' my AP 11 experience made me a much better writer. I could actually write a full length essay in 40 minutes that made sense for once! The only way I could undergo such a drastic transformation in my writing was under the guidance of Ms. Serensky and thanks to her and AP 11 I feel prepared for my college English experience! Anyways, I hope to see you soon! Send my regards to Gogol!
      Sincerely,
      Cat Cashy

March Madness

       These past couple weeks I've been fairly sick with a very contagious disease by the name of "Senior-itis." My motivation for school work has diminished and I find myself spending my time thinking about college and the end of my high school career versus the fact that I have a Government essay due tomorrow. However, today I realized something: it's March. In my previous years of high school, I had always dreaded March because it was a straight month of school, and the weather was always so dreary (it's a blizzard outside right now).
       But today, a different feeling came over me when I realized it was the worst month of the year: sadness. Not the sadness as in "oh great, I have an entire month without any breaks ahead of me" but rather "I only have three months of high school left." High school is almost over, and although I do have the symptoms of Senior-itis, I can't help but feel nostalgic for the four years of my life I spent here.

       Even though I'm excited beyond belief for college, I will miss the teachers and friends I've made, along with the Pumpkin Roll, the dances, Blossom, football games, and many other events that define Chagrin Falls High School. I am very excited to start this new chapter in my life, but I'm happy to say that I will miss you, CFHS!

A Giant Eagle Adventure

       Today, my mom asked my brother and I to go to the grocery store to buy some last minute things for her before the end of the night. Naturally, I procrastinated and left my house around 8:30 and headed off towards Heinen's. Well, it wasn't until my brother George and I drove out to Heinen's that we realized it was closed for the night, so we continued down 306 to Giant Eagle.
       When we got to the store, there was almost no one in the parking lot except for a couple shading looking trucks in the back. So George and I climbed out of the car and walked into Giant Eagle.
       The first struggle was finding the milk. When I go to Giant Eagle I usually go to the one in town so I wasn't used to this set up. There were a couple of people wandering around the store with their carts judging us as we scrambled by, eager to complete our mission and go home. Eventually we stumbled across rows and rows of milk. At this point, I was overwhelmed. There was Horizon Organic, Dairymen's, Organic Farm, Giant Eagle Brand...so many choices! I couldn't decide which one to get so my brother took  a risk and went with the Horizon Organic.
      The second and biggest struggle of the night was check out. Since it was late, there were only a couple of employees working there so the only register stands that were open were the self-checkout ones. So of course it took us about 10 minutes to find the barcode on the milk and the entire time we were struggling a teenage employee was staring at us like we were freaks. At this point, I didn't even care though. I had been severely judged since the minute I walked into the store. The employee continued to stare as I fumbled with my cash, trying to get it into the machine so I could pay for my milk and get out of there. Of course the register had to reject my bill three times before it finally accepted the money. After I grabbed the milk and stuffed it a plastic bag, my brother and I turned to leave when we heard someone clear their throat behind us. The employee was holding up a piece of paper and said, "Don't forget your receipt." I walked over and took the receipt from her, and attempted a smile while she stood there, smirking at me.
       Overall, my grocery adventure tonight was a complete disaster. Besides getting lost and my many issues at the checkout, people felt the need to judge me the entire time I was there. I noticed just how much people are entertained while watching others struggle. It occupies our boring days of school, work, and extracurricular activities. Like the poster in Ms. Serensky's room says: Somedays you're the bird, other days you're the statue. I guess it was just one of those days.

Diagnosis: ADD

       Today I went down to the art room during my fourth period commons to work on a piece for my painting class. During this period, Mr. King has a printmaking class that's completely full of students, so I went to the back room to join the advance printmakers. Among these students were my friends Emily, Katie, Molly, Chase, and Brooke. Most of the time, Mr. King doesn't come into the back room until ten minutes are left in the period so we're on our own for the majority of the class period.
       As I sat painting, and my friends sat printmaking, our conversation turned to the question game that occurred in Mr. Stuart's class that day. In this game, you have to have an entire conversation using only questions related to each other, and cannot repeat questions or laugh during the process. This game reminded me of another one called the "ADD" game. In this game, everyone who is playing goes around in a circle and says a word. The person who goes next then has to say another word completely unrelated to the previous one without hesitating. For example if someone were to say "cold" the next person could say "hair bands." If they were to say "hot" or "ice," they would be out.
       I decided at this point to bring this game to the attention of my friends and we decided to give it a try. The first round was a little difficult and everyone only lasted about two rounds. However by the end of class (yes, we did play the majority of the period), we had the game down. Who knew you could get better at having a short attention span? I realized just how easily people are entertained my games like Mr. Stuart's and the ADD game, even though when you say the directions out loud they don't sound fun at all. It's funny what we will spend so much time on when we're bored!

Essay Instead of Data Sheet

Less time, but not an A

Miss Senior Night

       Last week, my team and I had a swim meet at Orange High School, and it just so happened it was their Senior Night. I've been on the team now for four years so I've been to my fair share of senior nights, which usually consist of seniors being escorted down the pool deck while their interests and accomplishments are read aloud by the coaches. It was not until this year I realized what senior night actually was: a beauty pageant.
       The first thing you should know about senior night is that no one enjoys it, especially if there are sixteen seniors from the team. Surprisingly, after a while you get bored  watching people strut down the pool deck with their parents. So then you start listening to the things people wish to say about themselves:
      "Kristi likes hanging out with her friends and the beach."
      "Chris likes to play video games."
      "Tom is joining the Peace Corps."
      Honestly what does that sound like to you? Like a beauty pageant bio, possibly? Then after the senior bios (which no one actually listens to) are read, the senior must stand in front of some sort of backdrop, usually involving balloons, and pose for a picture. The girls almost always put their hands on their hips, while the guys put their arms around their parents. At this point everyone is watching them, and completely judging them, just like judges would a beauty pageant.
      "Look at her posture. Why can't she just stand up straight!"
      "That guy really needs a haircut."
      "Ah he's so cute!"
      I admit I partook in this judging from time to time, but my perspective changed when we had our senior night last saturday. As I stood up there taking my picture, I could feel everyones eyes watching me, and it wasn't exactly the best thing in the world. I was being completely judged. Now I was able to empathize with the other seniors, and feel just what it was like to be up there, in my own little beauty pageant, being scrutinized by everyone. From that moment one, I will be less judgmental in my views of my fellow seniors and the seniors to come, because honestly, pageants aren't too much fun.

Monday, Tuesday, Snow Day!

      Yesterday, on our fourth Snow Day of the school year, I was talking to my friend from swim team, and he said to me, "I really want another Snow Day tomorrow."
      I found myself agreeing with him. One just wasn't enough. Then I hesitated. This was our fourth Snow Day and I was complaining about wanting more. I realized even if the administration gives us an inch (or a Snow Day) we still complain. I cannot tell you how many people came up to me today in school and said how badly they wished we had a snow day:
      "The roads were so bad!"
      "I almost got into four car accidents!"
      "The administration is trying to kill us!"
      "It was like negative two degrees out there this morning!"
      The truth is that the roads were, for the most part, clear, it was twenty-five degrees outside, and relatively sunny. The worst part is when everyone knows there is a huge winter storm coming, and rumors of Mr. Kerul's Snow Day Probability start to spread around the school. If we don't get a Snow Day, everyone is miserable the next day for at least the first three periods. One of my friends even approached our vice principal and said how we totally should have had a Snow Day that day. Let's just say Dr. Koons wasn't all too happy about that, and said something along the lines of how us kids are never truly happy about Snow Days...we give you one and you just want more!
       After reflecting on this, I do see there's some truth in his statement. Yes, I am glad we had a Snow Day and yes, I am writing this blog and hoping tomorrow will be one, but what can I say? It's how we are.

The End of an Era

     Overall, I really enjoyed our blogging project for AP English. It was nice to be able to write with less restrictions on topics and so forth, and really allowed me better insight into my fellow classmates' writing styles. I definitely found myself spending hours a week reading everyones blogs, and I never found a blog I didn't want to read, or loss interest in. At the beginning of this blogging project I was frustrated with having to come up with two different topics every week, and trying to keep those topics related to English class. Also, when I would first log on and go to my Dashboard, I couldn't help but glance at other students blogs. Then I would freak myself out when I saw that someone wrote about a topic I was planning on writing on and other ridiculous things. It seemed even this blog project stressed me out. However, as this project continued I found myself enjoying writing freely about things that I had found interesting that day, or early that week. It became more of a way of expressing myself to my classmates rather than a project I had to do to receive credit. I sincerely hope Ms. Serensky lets us blog again next semester, so I can continue to grow in my writing while connecting what I learn in AP English to the real world and my peers in the classroom.

Extra Credit Mania

     With our Data Sheet now complete, and our amazing, relaxing English final just around the corner, comes the end of the semester. Most students are happy because most of the difficult work for English class is done with however, there is yet one more task to be completed before the end of the quarter: Multiple Choice Extra Credit! I'll be the first to admit it: the multiple choice AP practice is one of the highlights of English. It's always so amusing to watch how competitive the English students are when it comes down to extra credit. I mean who wouldn't be. It's extra credit for goodness sakes. With this game, however, comes a lot of stress. No one wants to be the team that is the only one to miss the point. Those dreaded words: "the point goes to everyone...except Team 4" have haunted my nightmares this weekend. Also, the fact that my team failed to agree on a couple answers last Friday has had my nerves wracking since the end of eighth period. These multiple choice tests force you to look at how you compare next to everyone else in your class, and preclude how well you will do on the future AP test, which stresses me out a little. Overall though, these multiple choice tests are a gift from God, and two class periods of stress are worth the extra credit points in the end!

A Shutter Island Surprise

     In class this week we watched the movie Shutter Island after reading the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. The ending to this movie was mind blowing. I never suspected Ted Daniels (DiCaprio) to actually be Andrew Ladis! However, looking back at the end of the movie, this made a lot more sense. It explained why he kept having visions of the girl asking why he didn't save her. It also explained that his hallucinations did not result from being drugged, but actually his withdrawal from his medications. Also, this explains his fear of water at the beginning of the movie,when he's on the ferry. Obviously the water reminded him of his wife and his childrens' murders, something he couldn't face.
      However, the most interesting part of the movie for me was the very end, when Ladis is sitting on the steps of the ward, talking to Dr. Sheehan. At first, when he brought up how him and "his partner" needed to get of "this rock and back to the mainland" because there was some crazy things happening on the island, I immediately thought he had regressed again, and forgotten who he really was. However, when he says to Dr. Sheehan that he had always wondered which "was worse: living as a monster or dying a good man," I realized he had not. I think that he simply chose to be lobotomized because he could live with the memories of the many deaths he had cause, and the guilt of killing his family. I don't know if we talked about this in class today, because I wasn't there, but to me it seemed like the more likely outcome. The fact that he knowingly walked away with the nurses and the doctor to get lobotomized also shows how he accepted his fate.
       Overall, I really enjoyed the movie. It always kept me on my toes about what was going to happen, and at the end of the movie I felt extreme sympathy for Ladis, and in return, the mentally insane.

Investigating Criminal Minds

      On our last week of break, I found myself just laying around my house, simply enjoying my last week of vacation before mid-terms and the end of the semester. On Thursday, the television show Criminal Minds was having a marathon event, and I must have watched about four hours of this show. I don't know if any of my fellow classmates have ever seen the show, but it's about detectives who try to solve crimes, similar to Law & Order and NCIS. However, being an avid watcher of these kind of crime shows, I have found that Criminal Minds features extremely gruesome crimes, always so bizarre compared to the others. Most of these crimes are committed by lunatics or psychopaths, but something about them had me intrigued. While watching this show, I couldn't help but think of the recent novel we read, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, and how it related to the show. One episode in particular that sticks out in my mind was when a man had convinced thirty people to commit a mass suicide in the name of God. This reminded me how the inmates would almost blindly follow McMurphy's actions in the hospital, and how they would anything he told them to. Although McMurphy's actions can be considered beneficial compared to the criminal in the show, they both had this charismatic personality, where just by talking to people they could manipulate people to their wills. Criminal Minds however reveals the darker side of insanity, and how not everyone who is insane is like Chief Bromden or Billy Bibbit: practically harmless. There are definitely insane people who have the capability to commit massive destruction, and I felt like the novel only showed the less harmless side of insanity. In the real world, there are different types of insanity, not simply acutes and chronics, but harmful and harmless.